About

  NovoSPT

NovoSPT is a computer program for interpretation of Standard Penetration Test (SPT/ DCPT) and correlating blow counts (N) to soil properties based on more than 300 correlations. It is gINT, Excel and Microsoft Access database compatible and provides several reporting and additional features. Please keep your software up-to-date by visiting the program's web page.

Although all efforts have been undertaken to ensure that this software is of the highest possible quality and that the results obtained are correct, the authors do not warrant the functions contained in the program will meet your requirements or that the operation of the program will be uninterrupted or error-free. The authors are not responsible and assume no liability for any results or any use made thereof, nor for any damages or litigation that may result from the use of the software for any purpose. All results to be verified independently by user.

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Vancouver, Canada

License Agreement

View our online End User License Agreement

Licensing Help

View our online Licensing Help

Getting Started ...

When starting a new analysis with NovoSPT, take the following steps:

Step 1: enter subsurface soil layers and SPT blow counts in the corresponding tables, as shown below. Notice the plots on the right -hand side of the page are updated as you enter data (see more here). 

Step 2: enter input data for the size of the shallow and pile foundations, enter groundwater conditions and choose SPT correction methods (see more here).

Step 3: when data entry is over, click on 'Start Analysis' button. This will take to the next page, where you can choose the soil parameter to correlate, and the depth at which correlations are needed (see more here).

please note that:

By clicking on any chart you will have access to several options for printing and exporting the chart

The ? sign at the top-right corner of each page, opens up the corresponding help page

Analysis files are saved with *.SPT extension and the complete file path is shown at the bottom of the page

Using Help

Activating Help

Help button is placed at the top-right corner of all pages, as shown on this screenshot. In order to get the help content associated with the page, please click on this button.

Units System

This version of NovoSPT supports the following unit systems:

Metric units (kg, m, cm)

US CUstomary units (lb, ft, in)

You can set the unit system on the preferences page.

References

1- Foundation analysis and design (5th edition)
Joseph E. Bowles
2- Reliability of shallow foundation design using the standard penetration test
D.P. Zekkos, J.D. Bray, A. Der kiureghian
3- A short course in foundation engineering
N.E. Simons, Bruce keith Menzies
4- Empirical correlation between penetration resistance and internal friction angle of sandy soils
Munenori Hatanaka, Akihiko Uchida
5- Correlations of soil properties
Michael Carter, Stephen P. Bently
6- Analysis of spread footing foundations as a highway bridge alternative
Jill L. Meranda, Teruhisa Masada, Dennis Irwin, November 2005
7- Correlation of SPT to strength and modulus of elasticity of cohesive soils
L. Behpoor, A. Ghahramani
8- Piling Engineering
Ken Fleming, Austin Weltman, Keith Elson, Mark Randolph
9- Subsurface Investigation and Interpretation of Test Results for Foundation Design in Soft Clay
Gue See Sew, Tan Yean Chin
10- Foundation Design Codes and Soil Investigation in View of International Harmonization and Performance Based Design
Y. Honjo
11- Geotechnical engineering
V. N. S. Murthy
12- Analysis of Bearing Capacity-Driven Pile
Syaiful Ashari
13- Correlations between shear wave velocity and in-situ penetration test results
Recep Iyisan
14- Pile foundations in engineering practice
Shamsher Prakash, Hari D. Sharma
15- BPT-SPT correlations for evaluation of liquefaction resistance in gravely soils
Alex Sy, R.G. Campanella, Raymond A. Stewart
16- Earthquake Engineering: Proceedings of the 11th European conference, Paris, France
P. Bisch

17- Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual
4th Edition, 2006

18- Energy measurements and correlations of the standard penetration test (SPT) and the Becker penetration test (BPT)
Alexander Sy, University of British Columbia (UBC), October 1993

19- Relating Ka and Ks to SPT blow count and to CPT tip resistance for use in evaluating liquefaction potential
I.M. Idriss, R.W. Boulanger

20- Correlation between penetration resistance and relative density of sandy soils
M. Cubrinovski, K. Ishihara

21- Foundation engineering (2nd edition, 1974)
Peck, Hanson, Thornburn

22- Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design
F.H. Kulhawy and P.W. Mayne, Cornell university, Ithaca, New York, 1990

23- Geotechnical engineering
S.J. Spigolon

24- Soft ground improvement
D. T. Bergado

25- Theory and practice of foundation design
N. N. Som, S. C. Das
26- A Portable Dynamic Penetrometer for Geotechnical Investigations
J. Fred Triggs, Paul D. Simpson
27- Soil mechanics in engineering practice

Karl Terzaghi, Ralph B. Peck, Gholamreza Mesri
28- A few comments on pile design

Yves Robert
29- Evaluation of modulus of subgrade reaction (Ks) in gravely soils based on standard penetration test (SPT)

R. Ziaie Moayed, S.A. Naeini

30- Use of SPT Blow Counts to Estimate Shear Strength Properties of Soils: Energy Balance Approach

Hiroshan Hettiarachchi, Timothy Brown

31- Statistical correlations between seismic wave velocities and SPT blow counts and the relative density of soils

Emin U. Ulugergerli, Osman Uyanik

32- Mathematical Correlations Between The Effective Diameter Of Soil And Other Properties

Muayed M. Ismail

33- Engineering correlations for soils in Taipei

Z.Z Moh, C.T Chin, C.J Lin and S.M Woo

34- Geotechnical Engineering

Renato Lancellotta

35- Dynamic Properties of Fine Grained Soils in South of Tehran

Mohammad Kazem Jafari, Ali Shafiee, and Arash Razmkhah

36- Relationship Between S-Wave Velocities And Geotechnical Properties of Alluvial Sediments

Tomio INAZAKI, Public Works Research Institute, Tsukuba, JAPAN

37- Site response analyses based on site specific soil properties using geotechnical and geophysical tests

Anbazhagan P, Sitharam T.G, Divya C

38- Foundation engineering handbook

Hsai-Yang Fang

39- ارزيابي كاربرد آزمايش نفوذ استاندارد درمسائل استاتيكي در مهندسي ژئوتكنيك

Nader Hatef, Amin Keshavarz

40- Geotechnical earthquake engineering

Lkuo Towhata

41- Foundation engineering
P.C. Varghese

42- Earthquake geotechnical engineering
Kyriazis D. Pitilakis
43- Mapping of average shear wave velocity for Bangalore region : a case study
Anbazhagan, Sitharam

44- Piling engineering (3rd edition)
Ken Fleming, Austin Weltman, Mark Randolph and Keith Elson

45- Assessment of shear strength for design purposes
Thomas L. Brandon, Massimiliano Rolandi

46- The foundation engineering handbook

Manjriker Gunarantne

47- In-situ testing in geotechnics: the main tests
Fernando Schnaid

48- NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings

Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 273, October 1997

49- Correlación entre el Valor N del Ensayo de Penetración Estándar y Velocidad de Ondas de Corte para Arcillas en Bogotá - Colombia

Andrés José Alfaro Castillo, June 2007

50- Seismic Microzonation of Bangalore

Anbazhagan P, Sitharam T.G, Divya C

51- A comparison of pile performance base on static formulas and dynamic load test
Muhd Harris BIN Ramli (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)
52- Research report: standard penetration test (SPT) correction
M. Sherif Aggour, W. Rose Radding

53- NCEER Workshop Report (1997)

54- Engineering and Design: Bearing Capacity of Soils
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
55- Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 5 (Evaluation of Soil and Rock Properties)
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
56- Experience of Suspension P-S Logging Method and Empirical Formula of Shear Wave Velocities in Taiwan
Ming-Hung Chen, Kuo-Liang Wen, Chin-Hsiung Loh, Robert L. Nigbor
57- Statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for soils
Unal Dikmen (Earthquake Research Center, Ankara University, Turkey)
58- The relation of shear wave velocity and SPT for soils in Iran (11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering Paris, France)
Baziar, M., Fallah, H., Razeghi, H. R. and Khorasani, M. M.
59- Relationship between the standard penetration test and the pressuremeter test on sandy silty clays (a case study from Denizli, Turkey)
S. Yagiz, E. Akyol, G. Sen
60- Correlation of standard penetration test and pressuremeter data (a case study from Istanbul, Turkey)
I. Bozbey, E. Togrol
61- Pressuremeter method for foundation design in Hong Kong
Y.C. Chiang, Y.M. Ho
62- Estimation of cyclic strength of sand from self-boring pressuremeter tests
D. Roy, J. Hughes and R.G. Campanella
63- Use of SPT Blow Counts to Estimate Shear Strength Properties of Soils: Energy Balance Approach
Hiroshan Hettiarachchi and Timothy Brown
64- Evaluation of geotechnical property variability
Kok-Kwang Phoon and Fred H. Kulhawy
65- Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice
T. Lunne and P. K. Robertson
66- "Closure: Settlement of Spread Footings on Sand," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division

D’Appolonia, E. D., and Brissette, R. F. 1970

67- Potential application of dynamic and static cone penetrometers in MDOT pavement design and construction

Farshad Amini, Jackson State University, 2003

68- Relationship between Low Strain Shear Modulus and Standard Penetration Test N Values

P. Anbazhagan, T. G. Sitharam, 2010

69- Site Characterization – Guidelines for Estimating Vs Based on In-Situ Tests

Soil Interactions Laboratory UCDavis, 2007

70- Shear Wave Velocity as Function of SPT Penetration Resistance and Vertical Effective Stress at California Bridge Sites

Naresh Bellana (Masters degree thesis), University of California (Los Angeles)

71- Empirical correlations of shear wave velocity (Vs) and penetration resistance (SPT-N) for different soils in an earthquake-prone area (Erbaa-Turkey)

Muge K. Akin, Steven L. Kramer, Tamer Topal

72- SPT Capability to Estimate Undrained Shear Strength of Fine-Grained Soils of Tehran, Iran

Farzad Nassaji, Behzad Kalantari

73- Development of Empirical Correlation Between Shear Wave Velocity And Standard Penetration Resistance In Soils Of Chennai City

Uma Maheswari, Boominathan and Dodagoudar

74- Settlement of shallow foundations on granular soils

Alan Lutenegger, Don DeGroot

75- Review of correlations between SPT N and shear modulus: A new correlation applicable to any region

P. Anbazhagan n, AdityaParihar,H.N.Rashmi

76 - Guidelines for Estimation of Shear Wave Velocity Profiles (PEER)

Bernard R. Wair and Jason T. DeJong

Data Entry

All data entry in NovoSPT is performed in Input Data tab. This data can be categorized into the following groups:

Shallow Footing:

This data is used for calculating bearing capacity of shallow footings based on shear failure or settlement criteria (based on method). Footing size and load as well as safety factor against shear failure should be specified. Please notice that depth of footing (Df) is considered to be the depth (Z) selected by user on SPT table.

 Results are presented in "Correlated Soil Properties" tab when "Bearing capacity of footings on sand (qa)" items is selected from the list.

Pile Foundation:

Diameter of the pile should be specified in order to estimate the friction and end bearing of the piles based on SPT blow counts. Please notice that pile length is considered to be the depth (Z) selected by user on SPT table.

 Results are presented in "Correlated Soil Properties" tab when "Bearing capacity of piles" items is selected from the list.

SPT Corrections:

The following corrections should be applied on SPT number (N) to obtain N60 and N1(60) numbers:

Energy level: this will adjust the SPT equipment energy to standard 60% energy. This correction factor is named Ce in NovoSPT.

Borehole diameter: size of the borehole affects the SPT blow counts. This correction factor is named Cb in NovoSPT.

Sampling method: some SPT samplers have a liner. This will affect the SPT blow counts and its correction factor is called Cs in NovoSPT.

Rod length: this correction factor is called Cr and depends on length of SPT rods which is approximately equal to the depth of the test. NovoSPT Adds 1 metre (to account for the distance between the anvil and ground surface) to the total test depth when calculating Cr:

 If L < 4 m ⇒ Cr=0.7

 If 4 m < L < 6 m ⇒ Cr=0.85

 If 6 m < L < 10 m ⇒ Cr=0.95

 If L > 10 m ⇒ Cr=1.0

Overburden stress: this corrections is usually called as "depth correction factor" or Cn and depends on overburden stress due to soil, at the test depth.

Please choose your favorite method for each correction factor. The following formula is used to calculate the correction factors at each depth:

C=Ce.Cb.Cs.Cr   N60=C.N   N1(60)=Cn.N60

All the above-mentioned factors as well as N60 and N1(60) are plotted versus depth and presented on screen.

 Results for Cn corrections are presented in "Correlated Soil Properties" tab when "Overburden correction factor (cn)" items is selected from the list.

Settings:

The groundwater level affects the calculation of effective overburden stress (σ'v) used in the correlations. In addition, user can choose to apply the water level correction on SPT blow counts, as proposed by Terzaghi. This correction is recommended for N≥15 in silty sands:

Ncor=15+0.5(N60-15)

Another important point when using the correlations is 'applicability' of each correlation to soil type. For example if at depth of 3.4 meters where correlations are required, the soil type is generally "clay", a shear wave velocity correlation which is derived in "sand" would not be reliable and can provide somewhat wrong values. Some other soil parameters such as undrained shear strength are even meaningless for "sand" and "gravel" soil types. To filter the correlations based on each layer's soil type, click on "Show only applicable correlations". To read more details about this new feature, please read this page.

 Please notice that NovoSPT can provide correlations, either at a specific depth or along depth of the borehole. All correlations regarding a specific depth are presented in "Correlated Soil Properties" tab and user should specify the depth at which, correlations are to be calculated. To do this, please click on the desired depth at SPT data table and notice to the change in Depth and N60 fields on bottom-left of the page.

Soil Layers:

This data is used to calculate the effective and total overburden stress at each depth where correlations are required. Please pick the soil type for each layer from the dropdown list (clay/silt/sand/gravel) and avoid details descriptions such as "sandy clay with gravel", etc. This soil type is used by NovoSPT when correlations are to be filtered based on soil type.

Some SPT correlations depend on OCR and D50 of the soil. These parameters should be specified for each soil layer.

 This data can be entered manually or maybe imported from a text file or from gINT database.

SPT data:

In this table please enter raw data gathered from SPT test. The first two columns of this table include depth and SPT blow counts (N) and the other columns are automatically calculated during data entry. While this data is being entered, SPT plots are updated and present both SPT blow counts and correction factors along depth of borehole.

 This data can be entered manually or maybe imported from a text file or from gINT database.

Note: Never enter zero for a SPT test depth; it may lead to calculation errors. This is due to dependency of most Cn methods to σv which will be zero at Z=0.

Clearing Tables

For clearing all data entered in a table, simply press  button on top-right side of the table.

Shallow Footings Bearing Capacity and Settlement

If you want to estimate the bearing pressure and settlement of foundation based on SPT blow counts, enter corresponding data. For most of these calculations, average of N60or N1(60) should be calculated for a depth ranging from 0.5B to 2B underneath the footing. So make sure that you have entered enough data within this depth range. You may also click on Tools⏵Bearing Capacity Analysis menu to use NovoSPT's  comprehensive analyses tool.

     B: Footing width

     L: Footing Length

     Df: Depth of embedment for the footing (will be equal to the depth selected by user - see below)

     P: Stress below the footing

SPT Graph

Once you enter SPT versus depth data, and press Start Analysis button at the bottom-right corner of the screen, SPT graph is updated and un-corrected as well as corrected SPT numbers are plotted versus depth. Another graph shows the variation of SPT correction factors against depth. Click on each graph to zoom, print or export to other formats.

IMPORTANT

Selecting the depth (on SPT table) for which you would like to see the correlations

When data entry is finished, simply click on the row in the SPT table at which depth you need the correlations. For example, the following screenshot shows that depth Z=12 ft is selected and all correlations will be provided at this depth (read more about filtering correlations).

Toolbar & Menu

Most of the commonly used commands in NovoSPT are placed in toolbars. For other commands use menu bar. In each form, to read the user manual (Help) content for that page, click on ? button on top-right corner of the page.

Soil Type Filtering

This feature can be activated by selecting "Filter SPT Correlations for Soil Type" checkbox on the input tab. If this option is activated, the corresponding button on the toolbar will be highlighted.

SPT correlations are typically derived based on case studies or field tests in a specific soil types. As a result, most of the SPT correlations are only valid for one or two soil types. In NovoSPT database of correlations, the applicable soil types are specified for each correlation:

The header of the correlations table specifies 4 different soil types:

Blue checkmark: correlation is valid for clay

Purple checkmark: correlation is valid for silt

Green checkmark: correlation is valid for sand

Brown checkmark: correlation is valid for gravel

Gray checkmark: the author has not clearly specified the soil types for this correlation. In this case, NovoSPT assumes that the correlation would be applicable to all soil types.

Why using the 'soil type filter'?

Although not applying the soil type filter, provides you with more correlations, it should be noted that not all of the correlations are valid for all soil types. For example, in a sand layer with a SPT blow counts of N60=12, NovoSPT may provide a value for undrained shear strength (Su) at this depth if soil type filter is off (because you have asked the program not to check the soil type). You can prevent this confusion by selecting the soil type filter, and simply concentrate on those correlations that are valid for the actual soil type at that specific depth.

Since user has specified the soil layers in input form, the program can easily filter the applicable correlations during the analysis. If soil type filter is active, the filter icon will be highlighted on the toolbar and it will be shown above the correlations table (see screenshot above).

Correlated results

When data entry in NovoSPT is completed, pressing Start Analysis button will show the correlated results. NovoSPT uses more than 300 correlation correlations to prepare these results. For each soil parameter (e.g. "Relative Density Dr"), all available correlations are summarized in a table describing the reference, parameter value, and comments regarding each correlation used. The following screenshot describes parts of the correlation table:

Each method may be turn on/off by using the checkbox in the first column and will be added/removed from the statistics chart.

To view the statistics of all correlation for selected soil parameter, click on Show Statistics button (read more). If correlation of selected soil parameter in depth of borehole is required, click on Depth Correlation button (read more).

How to Copy Table Contents

If necessary, you can simply copy data within each table by selecting the target rows (by holding left mouse button down and selecting the rows), and then pressing CTRL+C. Thereafter, pressing CTRL+V in any other editor in Windows, pastes the data.

How to Export the Results Table to Microsoft Excel

Click on the table, and then select Tables⏵Save As MS Excel ... menu. Choose the file name and path in the dialog and the table will be saved as an Excel file.

Visualization of Correlated Values

To better visualize the results of a specific soil property, a graph is presented on statistical chart. This graph shows scatter of the results for each soil parameter and helps user to compare those values and pick the most reasonable range for that parameter. Please notice that for those formulas which provide a range for the parameter, the corresponding value in graph is shown as a vertical bar representing the minimum and maximum recommended range. To view additional information, move the mouse over each point on the graph to get more information about the method.

Statistical report

To better visualize the results of a specific soil property, a graph is presented on statistical chart. This graph shows scatter of the results for each soil parameter and helps user to compare those values and pick the most reasonable range for that parameter. Please notice that for those correlations that provide a range for the soil parameter, the value is shown as a vertical bar on the graph. To view additional information, move the mouse over each point on the graph to get more information about the correlation.

Click on each chart to open the chart in Chart Presentation Tool and you can export and print the data into other formats.

Correlation with depth

This feature is designed to plot the variation of a soil parameter in depth of a borehole based on SPT blow counts, and is accessible from View→Correlation versus depth of the borehole menu. Follow these steps to obtain the correlation in depth of borehole:

Select the desired soil parameter (shear wave velocity is selected in the following screenshot)

Select the correlations from the list (four of the selected methods can be seen in the screenshot)

Click on Plot Selected Methods button and wait for the graph to be updated

If necessary, remove or include more methods from the list and repeat step 3

For example, in the above screenshot, 6 methods are selected and plotted along the depth of the borehole.

Note : Please notice that in this example, the funnel icon on top-right corner of the page indicates the soil type filter is ON. This means that only those correlations which are derived for the same soil type will be listed at each depth. Soil type at a depth is obtained from soil layers input data.

Import from text file

In case that there are large number of records for soil layers and/or SPT data, user may import data from Text files (*.txt) using  button above the tables . The Text file should have the following format:

one record per line and two numbers on each line separated by comma or tab. For instance, if your SPT data is stored in a Text file, it looks like the following:

where, 0.3048,0.6096,0.9144,etc are depths and 19,19,11,etc are corresponding blow counts per foot (N). Text files can be easily generated using Windows Notepad or by exporting your data from spreadsheet applications such as Microsoft Excel into text format. For soil layers text file, each line consists of layer thickness, its unit weight , soil type , D50 and OCR separated by comma.

Note: Importing from text file is typically used when you have several rows of data; if your geotechnical model is simple, just enter them in the tables manually.

Importing Data from gINT Files

NovoSPT also supports import from gINT files. Read more about this feature here to find out how you can import gINT files directly into NovoSPT.

Import from gINT

Please see the online help for this item.

Exporting Tables and Graphs

Please see the online help for this item.

Graph Presentation Tool

Please see the online help for this item.

Bearing Capacity

Meyerhof, 1976 (based on 25mm settlement)

The allowable bearing capacity based on the SPT test according to Meyerhof is:

qa=N60.Kd/F1                      B≤F4

qa=N60.Kd/F2.{(B+F3)/B}2       B>F4

where Kd=1+D/(3B)≤1.33 and F1 to F4 are defined as below for SI units:

F1=0.05 , F2=0.08 , F3=0.3 , F4=1.2 m

and N60 is the average SPT blow counts from 0.5B above to 2B below the foundation level.

Parry, 1977 (based on 25mm settlement)

The allowable bearing capacity according to Parry for cohesionless soil is:

qa=30N60                          Df≤B

Where N60 is the average SPT blow counts below 0.75B underneath the footing.

Burland and Burbidge, 1985 (based on 25 mm settlement)

They collected more than 200 records of structures founded on sands and gravels. They started with the premise that the settlement could be represented by an equation of the form:

qa=2540.N601.4/(10T.B0.75)

where N60 is the average SPT blow counts to a depth of B0.75 below footing and T~2.23

Peck, 1974

The following formula is used in NovoSPT for this method:

qa=10.6N1(60)

General Terzaghi Formula

The following Terzaghi equation is used for indirect estimation of bearing capacity of shallow footing on cohesionless soil:

where:

q = is the overburden stress at foundation level (Df).

Nq = e[π.tan(ϕ)] [tan(π/4+ϕ/2)]2             Bowles 1996

Nγ = 1.5(Nq-1).tan(ϕ)                          Brinch & Hansen 1970

ϕ = friction angle correlated from the equation proposed by Hatanaka and Uchida, 1996 based on SPT at foundation level

WildCat Penetrometer Module

If you use WildCat Dynamic Penetrometer (produced by Triggs company in the US), this module helps you process and correlate Wildcat blow counts to equivalent SPT blow counts. Please enter depth of test and corresponding WildCat blow counts in first 2 columns of the table. The other parameters including equivalent SPT blow counts will be calculated immediately. To transfer the correlated N60 obtained from Wildcat, to the NovoSPT main page click on Accept Data button.

DCP Module

If you use DCP (produced by Durham Geo Slope company in US), this module helps you process and correlate DCP blow counts to equivalent SPT blow counts. Please enter depth and corresponding DCP blow counts as well as soil class (A to F) in the first 3 columns of the table. The other parameters including equivalent N60 and N1(60) will be calculated immediately. To transfer the correlated N60 obtained from DCP to the NovoSPT main page click on Accept Data button.

The following chart presents the correlations between DCP blows per increment and standard SPT blow counts for different soil types.

For the complete reference please read this paper:

 ASTM Special Technical Publication #399: Dynamic Cone for Shallow In-Situ Penetration Testing

    by: George F. Sowers and Charles S. Hodges Download link for user manual (Durham)

Preferences

Validation Rules tab

The main aim for this tab is to control the valid ranges of output values, since some correlations produce invalid values like sand relative density more than 100 percent or friction angle more than 45 degrees. As it is shown on right, if the checkbox for "0 < Phi < 45" -for instance- is removed, no checking will be carried out on calculated Φ value. We highly recommend to keep all options selected. You can also specify the relative density calculation method used in Duncan (2004) formulae.

User Interface tab

Use this tab to choose the input / output units system. By selecting Show help button on top-right corner of all forms, a question mark (?) button will appear on top-right corner of forms, by clicking on it, help page for that page will pops up.

Reporting

To prepare the reports after completing the calculations, simply click on File→Report menu. This will bring up the report manager page, where you can choose the tables and graphs which should be included in the report:

By pressing Print button All selected tables and graphs will be summarized in the report. The print preview page will appear and allows user to change the page setup, send the print and zoom on the report. Toolbar buttons are described in the screenshot below:

Function

Shortcut

Zoom In

Ctrl+Up

Zoom Out

Ctrl+Down

Previous Page

Page Up

Next Page

Page Down

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